India’s rapid expansion of metro rail systems is facing a growing challenge: fewer passengers than expected. A clear example is the Aqua Line in Mumbai, where trains often run far below capacity despite serving key business districts and airport routes.
The fully underground corridor, which connects Cuffe Parade to commercial hubs like BKC, was designed to ease congestion and carry up to 1.5 million passengers daily. However, current usage is estimated at only about 10% of that figure, raising concerns about the viability of such large-scale infrastructure investments.
This situation reflects a broader national trend. Since 2014, the government led by Narendra Modi has invested more than $26 billion in metro projects across nearly two dozen cities. While the network has expanded significantly and total ridership has increased, many individual corridors are underperforming.
Studies show that most metro systems are achieving only a fraction of their projected usage. Research from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi indicates that ridership often reaches just 25–35% of initial estimates. Similar findings from the Observer Research Foundation and the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy highlight even lower figures in some cities.
Experts point to several factors behind this gap. Demand forecasts are often overly optimistic, sometimes to justify project approval. In addition, service frequency and train capacity in many cities fall short of global standards, making metro travel less convenient.
Affordability is another key issue. For many lower-income commuters, metro fares are relatively high compared to alternatives like suburban rail. In some cases, the cost of a full journey can take up a significant share of monthly income, discouraging regular use.
Infrastructure challenges also play a role. Poor last-mile connectivity, limited feeder bus services, and long transfer times between lines reduce the system’s efficiency. Safety concerns and inadequate pedestrian access to stations further limit adoption, particularly for women and late-night travelers.
Despite these setbacks, experts believe metro usage in India could gradually increase as urban congestion, pollution, and transport demand continue to rise. However, without improvements in pricing, integration, and accessibility, many systems may continue to fall short of their original expectations.
Be the first to leave a comment