Researchers say that menstrual blood could become a practical tool for cervical cancer screening, offering a simpler and less invasive alternative to current testing methods.
At present, cervical screening in the UK requires a healthcare professional to collect cells directly from the cervix. However, about one in three people invited for screening do not attend. The proposed new approach would allow samples to be collected at home using menstrual blood absorbed on a specially designed strip placed in a sanitary pad.
Charities focused on cervical cancer describe the idea as promising, noting that more comfortable testing options could help improve participation, although they stress that the research is still in its early stages.
In some parts of England, the NHS already sends self-sampling kits to individuals who have missed multiple screening appointments. These kits, which use vaginal swabs, are expected to become more widely available.
Cervical screening is offered every five years to women and anyone with a cervix aged 25 to 64 in the UK. The test checks for high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), the main cause of cervical cancer. Traditional screening involves the use of a speculum, which some people find uncomfortable or distressing.
Studies show around five million eligible individuals are overdue for screening. Barriers include fear, previous negative experiences, physical or learning disabilities, cultural factors, menopause-related discomfort, and a history of sexual trauma. Younger people, some minority ethnic communities, LGBT+ individuals, and people with disabilities are among those more likely to miss appointments.
The new study, conducted by researchers in China and published in The BMJ, involved more than 3,000 participants aged 20 to 54. Scientists compared HPV detection using menstrual blood samples with clinician-collected samples. Results were delivered through a mobile app.
Laboratory analysis showed the menstrual blood method was nearly as effective as traditional sampling in identifying HPV in those who had it, and highly accurate in ruling it out in those who did not.
Researchers argue that using menstrual blood respects privacy and reduces physical discomfort, potentially making screening more acceptable. Anyone testing positive for HPV would still require follow-up, typically a colposcopy, where specialists examine the cervix more closely for abnormal cells.
Experts caution that this method cannot yet replace current screening. It would only apply to people who menstruate, and some specialists note the study may have overestimated accuracy because not all participants underwent confirmatory biopsies.
Cancer Research UK says exploring new ways to make screening more accessible is encouraging but emphasizes the need for further studies involving more diverse populations. The Eve Appeal also welcomed the findings, saying that offering different testing options could help reach people who currently avoid screening, potentially saving lives.
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