A covert network is working to bypass strict internet restrictions in Iran, where access to the global web has been heavily limited for weeks.
Sahand, an Iranian whose name has been changed for security reasons, says he is involved in smuggling satellite internet equipment into the country. Speaking cautiously, he expressed concern that any exposure could put his contacts and family members inside Iran at risk.
For more than two months, Iran has experienced one of the longest nationwide internet shutdowns recorded. The situation intensified after airstrikes by the United States and Israel in late February. Iranian authorities have defended the blackout as a necessary measure to prevent espionage, surveillance and cyber threats.
In response, some citizens are turning to Starlink, a satellite-based system developed by SpaceX. The technology allows users to connect directly to satellites, effectively bypassing Iran’s tightly controlled domestic internet network. Each terminal can serve multiple users, making it a valuable tool for sharing information externally.
Sahand says he has helped move around a dozen terminals into Iran since the beginning of the year, as part of a network funded by members of the Iranian diaspora. However, the risks are significant. A recently adopted law imposes prison sentences of up to two years for using such devices, and up to ten years for importing them in larger quantities.
Despite these penalties, a black market for the equipment continues to grow. Online channels facilitate sales, and estimates suggest tens of thousands of terminals may already be in circulation across the country.
Iran has long maintained strict control over information, blocking access to many international platforms and promoting state-aligned media. Before the shutdowns, many users relied on VPNs to bypass restrictions. Now, only a limited group of approved individuals retain unrestricted internet access.
The economic impact is also substantial. Officials have acknowledged that each day of internet disruption results in significant financial losses. In response, a limited access programme has been introduced to support certain businesses.
Digital rights advocates argue that such shutdowns violate fundamental freedoms, restricting access to independent information and reinforcing state control over public narratives.
Despite the dangers, networks like Sahand’s continue their efforts. Their goal is to enable citizens to document events on the ground and maintain communication with the outside world, even under tight restrictions.
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